The term **'state attacks'** generally refers to hostile actions, operations, or campaigns carried out by a national government (a state) against another state, organization, or group. These attacks may take a variety of forms, including military aggression, cyberattacks, espionage, disinformation campaigns, or other measures intended to harm, destabilize, or exert influence over a target. In cybersecurity contexts, **state attacks** often describe cyber operations conducted or sponsored by a nation-state to achieve strategic or political objectives.