ethereum scaling

Ethereum scaling refers to the set of techniques, upgrades, and solutions designed to increase the Ethereum network’s capacity to process more transactions and support greater usage without sacrificing security or decentralization. Scaling can occur in two main ways:

1. **Layer 1 (on-chain) scaling:** Improvements made directly to the Ethereum base layer, such as protocol upgrades (e.g., sharding, improved consensus mechanisms).
2. **Layer 2 (off-chain) scaling:** Solutions built on top of Ethereum that handle most transactions off-chain and periodically settle back to the main chain, including rollups, sidechains, and state channels.

The goal of Ethereum scaling is to reduce transaction costs and network congestion while maintaining the integrity and trustlessness of the system.