China Launches Autonomous Tram Running on Virtual Tracks
In Zhuzhou, China, a new chapter in urban mobility has begun with the launch of the Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) — a driver-assisted electric tram that operates on virtual tracks instead of traditional rails.
Smart transport without physical rails
Unlike conventional trams that rely on steel tracks, the ART system navigates using painted guide lines on standard asphalt roads. The vehicle is equipped with cameras, LiDAR sensors, radar systems, and GPS modules that allow it to follow a programmed route with centimeter-level accuracy.
Although the system is designed for autonomous operation, a driver remains inside the cabin to take control in emergencies — ensuring safety during the testing and adaptation phases.
The ART tram can operate on existing road infrastructure, dramatically lowering construction and maintenance costs compared to traditional light rail or subway systems.
High capacity and energy efficiency
Each five-car ART unit is fully electric and capable of transporting up to 500 passengers. The vehicle reaches a maximum speed of 70 km/h and supports regenerative braking, which increases energy efficiency.
The tram’s modular design allows cities to adjust the number of cars according to passenger demand. Stations require minimal modification — often just painted markings and charging platforms — making ART an appealing solution for expanding public transport in medium-sized urban areas.
Integration of AI and sensor technologies
The ART system’s navigation relies on continuous data fusion from multiple sensors. Its onboard computer builds a 3D map of the surroundings in real time, detecting vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles. This AI-driven perception allows the tram to adapt dynamically to traffic conditions and ensure smooth operation even without physical rails.
In addition, network connectivity enables ART vehicles to communicate with traffic lights and central control systems, further improving efficiency and safety. The project reflects China’s broader ambition to integrate artificial intelligence into public transportation networks across major cities.
A model for sustainable smart cities
Developed by CRRC Zhuzhou Institute, the ART concept has already attracted international attention since its first trials in 2017. The latest generation of the system, launched in 2025, incorporates improved autonomy, longer battery life, and enhanced passenger comfort.
The city of Zhuzhou plans to expand ART routes to connect key districts, while other Chinese regions — including Yibin and Chengdu — are reportedly evaluating similar deployments. As urban populations grow, ART could offer a sustainable, scalable model for electric, autonomous public transit.
Conclusion
By removing the need for tracks and integrating advanced AI navigation, Zhuzhou’s ART tram blurs the line between rail and road transport. It’s a vision of the future where mobility infrastructure becomes smarter, greener, and more adaptable — one painted line at a time.
Editorial Team — CoinBotLab